61. Ibid., 327.

62. Ibid., 332.

CHAPTER XII

1. France, A., Joan of Arc, II, 17.

2. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1040 f.

3. Thorndike, Lynn, History of Magic and Experimental Science, III, 18.

4. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 187.

5. Thorndike, III, 520.

6. Sarton, III-2, 1246.

7. Coulton, Social Life, 505.

8. Singer, C., Studies in the History and Method of Science, 191.

9. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 461–5; Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life, 333.

10. Smith, P., Age of the Reformation, 655.

11. Sanger, Prostitution, 104.

12. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 519.

13. Ibid., 543.

14. Sprenger, Malleus malefic arum, in Ibid., 502.

15. Michelet, III, 36.

16. Lea, Middle Ages, III, 549.

17. Cf. Thorndike, IV, ch. LI.

18. Id., III, II.

19. III, 30, 33.

20. 454.

21. 398–469.

22. Jusserand, Wayfaring Life, 328.

23. Abram, English Life and Manners, 205.

24. In Seebohm, Oxford Reformers, 211.

25. Paston Letters, 1,117.

26. De Wulf, Hy of Med. Philosophy, II, 168.

27. Thorndike, Science and Thought in the Fifteenth Century, 254.

28. Cambridge Hy of Poland, I, 274.

29. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 117.

30. Duhem, Études sur Léonard de Vinci, III, 388.

31. Gilson, La philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 388.

32. Kesten, Copernicus, 91.

33. Penrose, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 19,

34. In Morison, S. E., Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 93.

35. Thorndike, IV, 102.

36. Ibid., 108.

37. Gilson, La philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 129; Sarton, III-i, 543–4; Duhem, III, chs. IX–X.

38. Ibid., 181 f.

39. Sarton, III-2, 1429–31.

40. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 503.

41. Usher, A. P., Hy of Mechanical Inventions, 127.

42. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 186.

43. Thorndike, III, 483.

44. Walsh, J. J., The Popes and Science, 79.

45. Froissart, iv, 51.

46. In Sarton, III-1, 870.

47. Castiglioni, Hy of Medicine, 381.

48. Coulton, Social Life, 330.

49. Ashley, Introd. to English Economic Hy, II, 318.

50. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 86.

51. Ibid.

52. Beard, C., Luther, 56.

53. De Wulf, Hy of Med. Philosophy, II, 172.

54. Ockham, Super IV Lib. Sentent., 1, 27, 2, K, in Tornay, Ockham, 9.

55. Summa totius logicae, I, 12, in Tornay, 9.

56. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica, I, ii, 3.

57. Ockham, Super IV Lib. Sentent., IV, 12, K, in Tornay, 119.

58. Ibid., I, ii, 6, in Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 375.

59. Ibid., I, iii, 2. in Owen, II, 378.

60. Tornay, 63.

61. Gilson, Philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 104; Tornay, 58, 191–2.

62. Tornay, 186; Owen, II, 377.

63. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 184; Crump and Jacob, Legacy of the Middle Ages, 251.

64. Owen, II, 392,

65. Gilson, Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages, 86.

66. Ockham, Centiloquium theologicum, ix, in Owen, II, 395.

67. Owen, II, 386.

68. Ibid., 396, 399.

69. Allen, J. W., Hy of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, 124.

70. Beer, Social Struggles in the Middle Ages, 112; Tornay, 81.

71. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 44.

72. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 187.

73. Jacobs, E. F., in History, XVI, no. 63, p. 218.

74. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, III, 265.

75. Owen, II, 410.

76. Duhem, Etudes, in Tornay, 51, 165.

77. Cunningham, W., Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 359.

78. Marsilius of Padua in Emerton, 35, 45, and passim.

79. Ibid., 39; Pastor, I, 78; Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 656.

80. Coker, F. W., Readings in Political Philosophy, 246–52.

81. Ibid., 25; Emerton, 22.

82. Defensor Pacis, i, 15, in Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 41.

83. Coker, 257; Duhem, II, 106–7.

84. Thorndike, IV, 388.

85. Id., Science and Thought in Fifteenth Century, 296.

86. Ibid., 296, 136–7.

87. Nicholas of Cusa, De concordantia Catholica, in Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 44n.

88. Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius, 67.

89. In Pastor, II, 137,

90. Coulton, Med. Panorama, 528.

91. In Janssen, I, 3.

CHAPTER XIII

1. Morison, 24. The account henceforth follows this fascinating biography.

2. The evidence is presented in the early chapters of Madariaga, S. de, Christopher Columbus, esp. pp. 53–9, and 184.

3. Beazley, C. R., in En. Brit., VI, 78.

4. Penrose, 10.

5. Seneca, Medea, 364 f.

6. Morison, 72.

7. Roth, C., Jewish Contribution to Civilization, 74.

8. Lea, Spain, I, 259.

9. Morison, 229.

10. Ibid., 231–3.

11. 115.

12. David, M., Who Was Columbus? 70.

13. Morison, 576.

14. Ibid., 617.

15. En. Brit., XXIII, 107c. For a recent defense of Vespucci cf. Arciniegas, G., Amerigo and the New World.

CHAPTER XIV

1. Froude, Erasmus, 110.

2. One of many bon mots appropriated from Mrs. Will Durant by the laws of community property.

3. Letter to Wm. Gauden in Froude, Erasmus, 32–3.

4. In Smith, P., Erasmus, 28.

5. Erasmus, Colloquies, II, 326 f.

6. Id., Epistles, I, 127.

7. Smith, Erasmus, 60; Froude, Erasmus, 45.

8. Smith, Erasmus, 63.

9. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 117.

10. Froude, Erasmus, 80.

11. Smith, 32.

12. Epistles, I, 301, 307.

13. Froude, 80–1.

14. Epistles, I, 370.

15. Colloquies, II, 13–35.

16. In Froude, 91.

17. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 14, 30, 33.

18. Ibid., 51.

19. 127.

20. 138.

21. 67.

22. 131–4.

23. 86–8.

24. 175.

25. 169–74.

26. 207.

27. Epistles, II, 168.

28. On Erasmus’ authorship cf. Allen, P. S., The Age of Erasmus, 185–9, an d Chambers, R. W., Thomas More, 114–5.

29. In Froude, 150–68.

30. Epistles, III, 418.

31. Colloquies, I, 298.

32. Ibid., 391; II, 13, 34.

33. Colloquies, I, 298.

34. Ibid., 229, 236.

35. Ibid., II, 161.

36. I, 22.

37. I, 24, 35.

38. Smith, 299.

39. Froude, 121 and Smith, 171.

40. In Froude, 126.

41. Smith, Age of Reformation, 58.

42. Epistles, II, 400.

43. Ibid., 464.

44. 249.

45. Erasmus, Education of a Christian Prince, 173; Smith, Erasmus, 201, 217.

46. Epistles, II, 201.

47. Education, 253,

48. Epistles, II, 517.

49. «Peace Protests!» in Chapiro, J., Erasmus and Our Struggle for Peace, 153–65.

50. Ibid., 168.

51. 81.

52. Epistles, II, 120.

53. Letter to Zwingli, Sept 5, 1522.

54. Epistles, II, 421.

55. «Peace Protests!» in Chapiro, 173, 183.

56. Tract «On the Immense Mercy of God» in Bainton, Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, 218.

57. Froude, 195.

58. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 48.

59. Froude, 108.

60. Folly, 215.

61. Froude, 130–1, 144.

62. Beard, Luther, 97.

63. Erasmus, Encheiridion, in Beard, 98.

64. Letter of March 25, 1520, m Murray, Erasmus and Luther, 83.

65. Colloquies, I, 98.

66. Ibid., 182.

67. Letter of Jan. 5, 1523, in Chapiro, 105.

68. Epistles, II, 143; Froude, 171–2.

69. Epistles, II, 163, 327.

70. Smith, Erasmus, 150.

71. Epistles, III, iv

72. Smith, 155.

73. Cf., e.g., Smith, 176–9.

74. Epistles, I, 42.

75. In Froude, 172.

76. Epistles, II, 176.

77. Ibid., III, 186.

78. Ibid., 94.

79. Letters to Fabricius Capito, Feb. 26, 1517, and to Leo X in Epistles, II, 505, 521.

80. Epistles, III, 48.

CHAPTER XV