_{44. Duchenne GB Physiology of Motion, translated by E В Kaplan J В Lippmcott, Philadelphia, 1949 (pp 308–310)}

_{45. Eaton JM Is this really a muscle cramps Postgrad Med 86:227–232 1989}

_{46. Edgerton VR Smith JL, Simpson DR Muscle fibre type populations of human leg muscles Htstochem J 7:259–266, 1975}

_{47. Ericson M On the biomechanics of cycling a study of joint and muscle load during exercise on the bicycle ergometer Scand J Rehabil Med (Suppl) 16:1—43, 1986}

_{48. Ericson MO, Nisell R, Arborehus UP, et al Muscular activity during eigometer cy cling Scand J Rehabil Med 17:53–61, 1985}

_{49. Ericson MO, Nisell R, Ekbolm J Quantified electromyography of lower-limb muscles during level walking Scand J Rehabil Med 18:159–163, 1986}

_{50. Farrell MK, Partin JC3 Bove KE Epidemic influenza myopathy in Cincinnati m 1977 J Pedtatr 96:545–551, 1980}

_{51. Femer H, Staubesand J Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Ed 10, Vol 2 Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, 1983 (Figs 380, 381)}

_{52. Ibid. (Figs 401, 412, 435)}

_{53. Ibid. (Fig 420)}

_{54. Ibid. (Fig 464)}

_{55. Ibid. (Figs 465, 467)}

_{56. Ibid. (Fig 466)}

_{57. Ibid. (Fig 470)}

_{58. Ibid. (Fig 472)}

_{59. Fowler AW Relief of cramp Lancet 199, 1973}

_{60. Fowler AW Night cramp Br Med J 2:1563, 1976}

_{61. Frey H Musculus gastrocnemius tertius Gegenbaurs Morphoi Jahrb 50:517–530, 1919}

_{62. Froimson Al Tenms leg JAMA 209:415–416, 1969}

_{63. Ghon GMU, Luckwill RG Responses of the lower limb to toad carrying in walking man Eur J Appl Physiol 54:145–150, 1985}

_{64. Good MG Painful feet Practitioner 163:229–232, 1949}

_{65. Gravel D, Arsenault AB, Lambert J Soleusgastrocnemius synergies in controlled contractions produced around the ankle and knee joints an EMG study Electromyogr Clin Neurophysioi 27:405–413, 1987}

_{66. Halar EM, Stolov WC, Venkatesh B, et al Gastrocnemius muscle belly and tendon length in stroke patients and able bodied persons Arch Phys Med Rehabil 59:416–484, 1978}

_{67. Hall H Examination of the patient with low back pam Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases 33 № 4:1–8, 1983}

_{68. Hammar M, Beig G, Solheim F, et al Calcium and magnesium status in pregnant women Int J Vitam Nutr Res 57:179–183, 1987}

_{69. Hammar M, Larsson L, Tegler L Calcium treatment of leg cramps in pregnancy Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 60:345–347,1981}

_{70. Harnack G-A von Nachtlictie Wadenk rampfe bei Kmdem Dtsch Med Wochenschr 95:2394, 1970}

_{71. Henstorf JE, Olson S Compartment syndrome pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment Surg Rounds Orthop 33–41, Feb 1987}

_{72. Herman R, Bragin J Function of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles Phys Ther 47:105–113, 1967}

_{73. Hirsch Ws Malsy-Mmk О Ursache von Wadenkrampfen Med Klin 71:168, 1976}

_{74. Hollinshead WH Anatomy for Surgeons, Ed 3, Vol 3, The Back and Limbs Harper & Row, New York, 1982 (pp 773–777)}

_{75. Hope-Simpson RE: Night cramp. Br Med J 2:1563, 1976.}

_{76. Houtz SJ, Fischcr FJ: An analysis of muscle action and joint excursion during exercise on a stationary bicycle J Bone Joint Surg 41[Am]:123–131, 1959.}

_{77. Insua JA, Young JR, Humphries AW-Popliteal arteiy entrapment syndrome. Arch Surg 101:771–775, 1970.}

_{78. Iwaj T, Sato S, Yamada T, et al. Popliteal vein entrapment caused by the third head of the gastrocnemius muscle. Br J Surg 74:1006–1008, 1987.}

_{79. Jablecki C, Schultz P: Single muscle fiber recordings in the Schwartz-Jampe] syndrome. Muscle Nerve 5:S64—S69, 1982}

_{80. Janda V: Muscle Function Testing. Butterworths, London, 1983 (pp 188–190).}

_{81. Kamon E Electromyographic kinesiology of jumping, Arch Phys Med Rehabil 52:152–157, 1971.}

_{82. Kellgren JH: Observations on referred pain arising from muscle. Clin Set 3:175–190, 1938 (p. 186).}

_{83. Kelly M Some rules for the employment of local analgesic in the treatment of somatic pain. Med J Austral 1:235–239, 1947.}

_{84. Kendall FP, McCreary EK. Muscles, Testing and Function, Ed. 3 Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1983 (pp. 145–146)}

_{85. Khan MA, Khan N: Statistical analysis of muscle fibre types from four human skeletal muscles, AnatAnz 144:246–256, 1978.}

_{86. Kilcoyne RF, Jmray TJ, Stewart ET: Ruptured Baker's cyst simulating acute thrombophlebitis. JAMA 240: 1517–1518, 1978}

_{87. Kleine HO: Laktoflavmtherapie der WadenkrBmpfe m der Schwangerschaft [Lactoflavm therapy for calf cramps during pregnancy), Zentralbl Gynakol 76:344–356, 1954.}

_{88. Kunze K: Muskelkrampfe. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 102:1929, 1977.}

_{89. Kuo KHM, Clamann HP: Coactivation of syneigistjc muscles of different fiber types m fast and slow contractions. Am J Phys Med 60:219–238, 1981.}

_{90. Lange M: Die Muskelharten (Myogelosen). J F. Lehmanns, Munchen, 1931 (p. 33, Fig. 6).}

_{91. Ibid. (p. 137, Fig. 43, p. 139, Fig. 44).}

_{92. Layzer RB: Muscle pain» cramps, and fatigue, Chapter 66. In Myology: Basic and ChnicaL edited by A. G Engel, В Q. Banker. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1986 (pp. 1907–1922)}

_{93. Layzer RB, Rowland LP: Cramps. N Engl J Med 285:31–40, 1971.}

_{94. Lee KH, Matteliauo A, Medige J4 et al: Electromyographic changes of leg muscles with heel lift therapeutic implications. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 62:298–301, 1987,}

_{95. Levine M, Lombardo J, McNeeley J, et al. An analysis of individual stretching programs of intercollegiate athletes Phys Sportsmed 15:130–138, 1987}

_{96. Lewit K: Manipulative Therapy in Rehabilitation of the Motor System Butterworths, London, 1985 (pp. 256–257, 315).}

_{97. Lippmann HI, Perchuk E: Nocturnal cramps of the legs. NY State J Med 54:2976–2979, 1954}

_{98. Lockhart RD: Living Anatomyt Ed. 7. Faber & Faber, London, 1974 (Fig 118).}

_{99. Mann RA, Moran GT, Dougherty SE: Comparative electromyography of ihe lower extremity in jogging, running, and sprinting. Am J Sports Med 14:501–510, 1986}

_{100 Markhede G, Nistor L. Strength of plantar flexion and function after resection of various parts of the triceps surae muscle. Acta Orthop Scand 50:693–697, 1979.}

_{101. Martin-du-Pan R: Cause et traitement des pretendues «douleurs de croissaoce» chezenfant. [Origin and treatment of the socalled growing pains tn children). Praxis 65:1503–1505, 1976.}

_{102. McClure JG-Gastrocnemius musculotendinous rupture: a condition contused with thrombophlebitis. South Med J 77:1143–1145, 1984}

_{103. McMinn RMH, Hutchings RT’ Color Atlas of Human Anatomy. Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1977 (p 277B).}

_{104. Ibid. (p. 294B).}

_{105. Ibid.(p. 305C).}

_{106. Ibid. (p 306A).}

_{107. Ibid. (p 312 A&B).}

_{108. Ibid. (p. 313).}

_{109. Mills KR, Newham DJ, Edwards RHT Severe muscle cramps relieved by transcutaneous nerve stimulation: a case report J Neurol Neuromrg Psychiatry 45:539–542, 1982.}

_{110. Milner M, Basmajian JV, Quanbury AO: Multifactorial analysis of walking by electromyography and computer. Am J Phys Med 50:235–258 1971.}

_{111. Modell W, Travell J, Kraus H, et al: Relief of pain by ethyl chloride spray. NY State J Med 52:1550–1558, 1952 (see pp. 1556, 1557).}

_{112. Morl H, Dietench HA: N&chtliche Wadenkrampfe-Ursachen und Behandlung. Med Klin 75:264–267, 1980}