237
Mark Wheelis. «Biological warfare at the 1346 Siege of Kaffa». Emerg. Infect. Dis. [serial online] September 2002 [accsessed Decem ber 15, 2005]: 8. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ EID/vol8no9/01 -0536.htm
238
Horrox. Р. 36.
239
Ibid. P. 39.
240
Allan Evans. Review of Genova marinara nel duecento: Bene detto Zaccaria, ammirglio e mercante. Speculum 11, no. 3 (July 1936). P. 417.
241
Марк Уилис, неопубликованный материал.
242
McNeill. P. 179, 182.
243
Horrox. P. 20.
244
Ibid. P. 9-13.
245
Ibid. P. 209-210.
246
Ibid. P. 13-18.
247
Frederic С Lane. Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973) P. 19; B. Z. Kedar. Merchants in Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976) P. 5.
248
Dols. P. 58-59.
249
Horrox. P. 18.
250
Ibid. P. 25. Сведения о численности населения см.: Daron Ace-moglu et al. «Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions and the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution». Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (November 2002). P. 1231-1294.
251
Dols. P. 60.
252
Ibid. P. 65.
253
Ibid. P. 57.
254
David Neustadt (Ayalon), «The Plague and its Effects upon the Mamluk Army». Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1946). P. 67-73.
255
Dols. P. 188.
256
Abu-Lughod. P. 236-239; Dols. P. 197, 265.
257
McNeill. Р. 130.
258
Ibn Khaldun, trans. Franz Rosenthal. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History (New York: Pantheon, 1958) P. 64.
259
Robert В. Serjeant. The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast: Hadrami Chronicles (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963) P. 43.
260
Ehrenkreutz. P. 338-339.
261
Charles E. Nowell. «The Historical Prester John». Speculum, 28:3 (July 1953). P. 434-445.
262
Robert Silverberg. In the Realm of Prester John (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972). P. 3-7, quote, 45.
263
Ibid. P. 43.
264
Ibid. P. 2.
265
Pearson. P.83.
266
Dana B. Durand. Review of Precursori di Colombo? Il tentativo di viaggio transoceanio dei genovesi fratelli Vivaldi nel 1291 by Alberto Magnaghi, Geographical Review, 26:3 (July 1936). P. 525-526.
267
Felipe Fernandez-Armesto. Columbus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 191). P. 9.
268
J. H. Plumb, Introduction, in С R. Boxer, The Portuguese Sea borne Empire, P. xxxvi.
269
Silverberg. P. 194-195.
270
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. 28-29.
271
Howe. P. 105.
272
Samuel Eliot Morison. Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970). P. 24-26,41.
273
Ibid. P. 33-34, 64.
274
Сравнительный анализ историографии побудительных мотивов Колумба см. Cecil Jane. Select Documents Illustrating the Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus (London: Hakluyt Society, 1930). P. xiii-cl.
275
C. Varela, ed. Crisobal Colon: Textos у documentos completos (Madrid: 1984) P. 256, quoted in Fernandes-Armesto, 134.
276
Quoted in Fernandez-Armesto. P. 97.
277
Ibid. P. 54-108.
278
Zweig. P. 26.
279
Acemogluetal. P. 1231-1294.
280
A.R. Disney. Twilight of the Pepper Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978) P. 21.
281
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. 20-22.
282
Morison. P. 368-374.
283
M. N. Pearson. «India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century» in India and the Indian Ocean. P. 78.
284
Рутейру. Введение.
285
Там же. Река Добрых Знаков.
286
Там же. Мозамбик.
287
Там же.
288
Там же. Момбаса.
289
Там же. Малинди.
290
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). P. 121-128.
291
Рутейру. Каликут.
292
Там же.
293
Там же.
294
Там же.
295
Там же. Царь посылает за Диогу Диашем.
296
Там же. Через Аравийское море.
297
Earl J. Hamilton. «American Treasure and the Rise of Capitalism». Economica 27 (November 1929). P. 348.
298
Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 206.
299
William Brooks Greenlee, trans. The Voyage of Pedro Shares Cabral to Brazil and India (London: Hakluyt Society, 1938). P. xxiii- xxviii, 83-85.
300
Quoted in Subrahmanyam. P. 205.
301
Ibid. P. 214.
302
Ibid. P. 215.
303
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. xxiii.
