Вернуться
510
Frank M. Snowden, Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), p. 70.
Вернуться
511
See John Henderson, Florence Under Siege: Surviving Plague in an Early Modern City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019).
Вернуться
512
Rincon Cruz, «Contagion, Borders, and Scale».
Вернуться
513
Около 46 метров.
Вернуться
514
Alexander William Kinglake, Eothen, or Traces of Travel Brought Home from the East (New York: D. Appleton, 1899 [1844]), p. 1.
Вернуться
515
A. Wess Mitchell and Charles Ingrao, «Emperor Joseph’s Solution to Coronavirus», Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/emperor-josephs-solutiontocoronavirus-11586214561; Snowden, Epidemics and Society, pp. 72–73; Gunther Rothenberg, «The Austrian Sanitary Cordon and the Control of the Bubonic Plague: 1710–1871», Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 28, no. 1 (1973), pp. 15–23.
Вернуться
516
Simon Schama, «Plague Time: Simon Schama on What History Tells Us», Financial Times, April 10, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/279dee4a-740b-11ea-95fe-fcd274e920ca.
Вернуться
517
Norman Howard-Jones, «Fracastoro and Henle: A Re-Appraisal of Their Contribution to the Concept of Communicable
Diseases», Medical History 21, no. 1 (1977), pp. 61–68, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300037170; V. Nutton, «The Reception of Fracastoro’s Theory of Contagion: The Seed That Fell Among Thorns?» Osiris 6 (1990), pp. 196–234.
Вернуться
518
Ferguson, Empire, p. 9.
Вернуться
519
Cary P. Gross and Kent A. Sepkowitz, «The Myth of the Medical Breakthrough: Smallpox, Vaccination, and Jenner Reconsidered», International Journal of Infectious Disease 3 (1998), pp. 54–60; S. Riedel, «Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination», Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings 18 (2005), pp. 21–25.
Вернуться
520
John D. Burton, «‘The Awful Judgements of God upon the Land’: Smallpox in Colonial Cambridge, Massachusetts», New England Quarterly 74, no. 3, (2001), pp. 495–506. См. также: Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-82 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002).
Вернуться
521
Gross and Sepkowitz, «Myth of the Medical Breakthrough», p. 57.
Вернуться
522
Burton, «Awful Judgements of God», p. 499.
Вернуться
523
Edward Edwardes, A Concise History of Small-pox and Vaccination in Europe (London: H. K. Lewis, 1902).
Вернуться
524
Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 66f.
Вернуться
525
Dona Schneider and David E. Lilienfeld, «History and Scope of Epidemiology», in Lilienfeld’s Foundations of Epidemiology, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 1-53.
Вернуться
526
V. Curtis, «Dirt, Disgust and Disease: A Natural History of Hygiene», Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61 (2007), pp. 660-64; M. Best and D. Neuhauser, «Ignaz Semmelweis and the Birth of Infection Control», Quality and Safety in Health Care 13 (2004), pp. 233–234; K. Codell Carter, «Ignaz Semmelweis, Carl Mayrhofer, and the Rise of Germ Theory», Medical History 29 (1985), pp. 33–53; K. Codell Carter, «Koch’s Postulates in Relation to the Work of Jacob Henle and Edwin Klebs», Medical History 29 (1985), pp. 353–374.
Вернуться
527
Muhammad H. Zaman, Biography of Resistance: The Epic Battle between People and Pathogens (New York: HarperWave, 2020).
Вернуться
528
Sheldon Watts, Epidemics and History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), p. xii.
Вернуться
529
A. Lustig and A. J. Levine, «One Hundred Years of Virology», Journal of Virology 66, no. 2 (1992), pp. 4629–4631.
Вернуться
530
J. Erin Staples and Thomas P. Monath, «Yellow Fever: 100 Years of Discovery», Journal of the American Medical Association 300, no. 8, (2008), pp. 960–962.
Вернуться
531
J. Gordon Frierson, «The Yellow Fever Vaccine: A History», Yale Journal of Biological Medicine 83, no. 2 (June 2010), pp. 77–85.
Вернуться
532
Ferguson, Civilization, p. 147.
Вернуться
533
Ferguson, Civilization, pp. 169f., 174.
Вернуться
534
Frierson, «Yellow Fever Vaccine».
Вернуться
535
McGrew, «First Cholera Epidemic», p. 72.
Вернуться
536
Theodore H. Friedgut, «Labor Violence and Regime Brutality in Tsarist Russia: The Iuzovka Cholera Riots of 1892», Slavic Review 46, no. 2 (Summer 1987), pp. 245–265.
Вернуться
537
Richard L. Stefanik, «The Smallpox Riots of 1894», Milwaukee County Historical Society Historical Messenger 26, no. 4 (December 1970), pp. 1–4.
Вернуться
538
Echenberg, «Pestis Redux», pp. 443f.
Вернуться
539
Valeska Huber, «The Unification of the Globe by Disease? The International Sanitary Conferences on Cholera, 1851–1894», Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (2006), pp. 453–476. См. также: Andrew Ehrhardt, «Disease and Diplomacy in the 19th Century», War on the Rocks (blog), April 30, 2020, https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/disease-and-diplomacyinthe-nineteenth-century/.
Вернуться
540
Peter Baldwin, Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Вернуться
541
Echenberg, «Pestis Redux», pp. 443f.
Вернуться
542
Mahatma Gandhi, Hind Swaraj (New Delhi: Rajpal & Sons, 2010), p. 30.
Вернуться
543
Ferguson, Civilization, p. 146.
Вернуться
544
Ferguson, Civilization, pp. 171f., 175.
Вернуться
545
William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1998 [1976]), p. 182.
Вернуться
546
James C. Riley, «Insects and the European Mortality Decline», American Historical Review 91, no. 4 (October 1986), pp. 833–858.
Вернуться
547
Rosenberg, Cholera Years, pp. 206–210.
Вернуться
548
David Cutler and Grant Miller, «The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States», NBER Working Paper No. 10511 (May 2004).
Вернуться
549
George Bernard Shaw, The Doctor’s Dilemma (London: Penguin, 1946), pp. 64f.
Вернуться
550
Современный эквивалент – презренные 19 галлонов (ок. 86 л). Впрочем, содержание алкоголя в современном пиве, как правило, выше, чем в прежние времена. (Прим. авт.)
Вернуться
551
Ian Gazeley and Andrew Newell, «Urban Working-Class Food Consumption and Nutrition in Britain in 1904», Economic History Review 68, no. 1 (February 2015), p. 17.
Вернуться
552
Andrew T. Newell and Ian Gazeley, «The Declines in Infant Mortality and Fertility: Evidence from British Cities in Demographic Transition», IZA Discussion Paper No. 6855 (October 2012), p. 17.
