Geneticists studying areas associated with brain development (“zones of accelerated human development” or HAR – Human Accelerated Regions) found that both humans and primates have them. But about a million years ago, differences began to appear – the protein packaging of DNA was rearranged. The "zones of accelerated human development" of the ancient human ancestors accidentally appeared next to enhancers – amplifiers of gene activity, which became a turning point in the history of the Homo sapiens species. An enhancer is a small section of DNA that, after binding transcription factors to it, stimulates transcription from the main promoters of a gene or group of genes. Enhancers are not necessarily located in close proximity to the genes whose activity they regulate, and are not even necessarily located on the same chromosome with them.

Each phenomenon in the world is formed under the influence of not only essential, necessary, but also random causes. Through the category of dialectics – necessity and chance, these phenomena can be explained. Necessity and chance do not exist without each other, they are an inseparable dialectical unity. The same connection, accidental in one respect, appears as necessary in another respect. Necessity does not exist in a "pure form", it manifests itself through chance. In turn, chance acts as a form of manifestation of necessity and its complement; it gives the phenomenon a certain originality, specificity, unique features. Ancient man, other living organisms belonging to a certain species, have common (specific) features that have arisen in the process of long-term development and are inherited. But these necessary signs always exist in an individual form, since a person and other living organisms differ from each other in size, shape, volume, etc. Some of these initially random traits for a species of a given species are fixed in the course of development, inherited and become necessary, and those of the necessary traits that turn out to be inappropriate in a different situation disappear, appearing in subsequent generations only in the form of a rudiment, that is, an accidental trait. . Thus chance turns into necessity, and vice versa, necessity turns into chance.

Billions of neurons in the human brain are constantly making trillions and trillions of new connections, of course, this happens strictly individually. In the process of human life, all information entering the brain is stored there (as on a hard drive – a computer hard drive, the similarity of the brain with a computer hard drive lies in the fact that in the brain information is transmitted through the nervous system, which is a network of several trillion nerve cells (neurons) as in a computer through electronic switches that have only two meanings – bits (double numbers) and perform only one action – addition, which is also observed in the finds of artifacts of an ancient man who could only add, as well as small children adding from matches, the number of something or someone, the BIOS of a computer – unconditioned (innate) reflexes, and the programs installed later on the hard drive of a computer – acquired reflexes or some kind of "soul" of a person), but in most cases it turns out to be unclaimed. With an organic change in the brain (trauma, infection, etc.), completely different previously uncharacteristic neural connections are established and various phenomenal abilities may appear (the ability to draw, memorize, versify, etc.), but individually, since each person has his own neuroconnections. The nonspecific activating system of the brain increases significantly with psycho-emotional stress, that is, an altered state. There is a sharp jump in the development of the human brain (the human brain increases).

The closest living primates to humans are the Homininae subfamily:

genus of gorilla (Gorilla): western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and eastern gorilla (Gorilla beringei);

chimpanzee genus (Pan): common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus), or bonobos.

The most ancient of the genus Homo is Homo habilis, or a skilled man, the first representatives of which appeared on Earth about 2.8 million years ago in Africa. Until that time, probably only Australopithecus also existed in Africa. About 2.5 million years ago, a split occurred in the evolution of hominids, as a result of which massive australopithecines (a dead-end branch of evolution) and the genus Homo separated. In addition to the finds from the Olduvai Gorge, the so-called Rudolf man, Homo rudolfensis, whose skull was found in Kenya in 1972 in the area of Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana), as well as finds from Ethiopia and South Africa, are also classified as Homo habilis. The antiquity of these species is from 2.4 to 1.9 million years. It is assumed that these first people were the creators of the tools of the most ancient Olduvai (pebble) culture on Earth. There are finds that have not found a taxonomic definition and part of the researchers belong to Homo habilis, and the other part to the groups of archanthropes (the most ancient people) who replaced Homo habilis about 1.6-1.5 million years ago. The group of archanthropes includes two main species. This is a species of Asian ancient people, Homo erectus, and its African version, a working man (Homo ergaster). The classic representative of paleoanthropes (ancient people) is the Neanderthal, or Neanderthal man, Homo neanderthalensis. Recently, another species has been identified – the Heidelberg man, Homo heidelbergensis, later than the most ancient people Homo erectus and Homo ergaster. Some researchers refer to it as a paleoanthrope. Homo neanderthalensis is associated with the Acheulean and Mousterian stone cultures.

Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, купив полную легальную версию на ЛитРес.

Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.