6. _________________ Wills, for example, often contain standard language that is other wills of a particular time and place. If your document contains different language than the norm, that might indicate a unique situation or circumstance.

7. _________________ If you obtained it from a repository (such as a library or archive), ask the staff if it is an original document. If you own the document or received it from a lay person, have a qualified professional review it to determine whether it's an original. Local historical societies and colleges can often help with this. Documents that have been transcribed, abstracted, copied or otherwise derived from the original may contain errors. Work with original documents (or photographic copies of documents) whenever possible to ensure accuracy.

8. _________________ For example, Old German handwriting has letters that are very different than those used today. Becoming familiar with the handwriting styles of the era will help ensure that you're interpreting your document correctly. Numerous books and websites are available to help you translate handwriting from different times and places. Staff at local historical societies in the location where the document originated can often help with this as well.

3. Answer the questions:

1) What document types are mentioned in the text?

2) What information is important for analyzing an obituary?

3) Why do you need to know which side of war a soldier served on?

4) What is a census record created for?

5) Why is it important to understand the purpose of creating a document?

6) What`s the difference between primary and secondary information?

7) Which type of information is more reliable?

8) Why is it important to know the period of time in which the document was created?

9) Why is it better to work with original document?

10) How can knowing the handwriting styles of the era help you to analyze the historical document?

4. Find synonyms for the following words in the text:

1) to estimate _____________

2) influence, effect ____________

3) exact, precise ______________

4) to define _______________

5) certain, undoubted ____________

6) to add, share, supply ______________

7) to show, denote, reveal _______________

8) to inspect, analyze ____________

9) mistake, fault ____________

10) to explain, decipher ______________

5. Find the words in the text for the definitions given below:

1) _______________ a manner or method of doing something.

2) _______________ to raise to a higher degree; intensify; magnify.

3) _______________ select (a passage from a text, film, or piece of music) for quotation, performance, or reproduction.

4) _______________ to come into sight; become visible.

5) _______________ the dead person.

6) _______________ to make a written copy, especially a typewritten copy, of (dictated material, notes taken during a lecture, or other spoken material).

7) _______________ to remove by drawing out gently or take away.

8) _______________ to receive or obtain from a source or origin (usually followed by from).

9) _______________ to make certain to happen.

10) _______________ to take its origin or rise; begin; start; arise.

6. Fill in the gaps with the words given in box. For some points the first letters are given. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1) I e____________ that text directly out of our new library system.

2) The point is this – we cannot a_____________ ideas from the historical epoch in which they appeared.

3) The d__________ was found with multiple head injuries on a footpath.

4) Dog owners must by law e___________ their pet wears a collar and tag with their name and address on it.

5) The word magazine d____________s from an Arabic word meaning a storehouse, a place where goods are laid up.

6) The exotic creature, which ______________ from central and South America, is probably an escaped pet.

7) Interviews were ______________ by the researcher who carried out the interview.

8) He is diplomatic and cautious in his ____________ to sticky situations.

9) From the moon, Earth a____________s as a bright blue-and-white object in the black sky.

10) She spends time on e___________ing her image with fitness routines and new styles.

7. Make the summary of the text.

Revision I.

Check yourself. Remember the following words and phrases:

Read the text and do the tasks after it.

Documents that have been preserved are originals, drafts, or copies. Originals are formal documents drawn up on the order of the sender or donor, and they were designated to serve the recipient or beneficiary as evidence of the transaction recorded. Handwritten copies of documents, made either before or after the deed was actually executed (sealed), are not classified as originals. If made before an “original,” they were rough drafts of it; if made afterward, they were copies.

The particularly Anglo-Saxon method of chirography gave the possibility of producing several “originals.” By this process two or more specimens of a document were written on the same page of the vellum sheet, and the free space between the texts was filled in with the word chyrographum (“handwriting”) or other words and symbols. Then the sheet was cut irregularly right through these words or symbols. The originals thus separated could later be reassembled. An exact fit was complete proof of authenticity.

But to provide documents having the force of “originals,” copies of the original were usually made and formally certified, by public notaries, or by high ecclesiastical or secular dignitaries. Copies certified in this way were accorded the same legal value as the originals. In practice, lack of critical judgment on the part of the certifiers often led to the certification of forged records. In documents known as transumpts, which recited earlier documents or charters as part of their text, it often happened that the earlier document was forged, but, being included in the new, it received validation.

The original documents and copies considered above were issued at the request of the recipient or beneficiary or of his legal heir. It also happened quite often that the sender or donor wished for various reasons to retain a record of the documents issued by him. The chanceries (record offices) of secular rulers or great ecclesiastics therefore kept copies of outgoing documents in registers, and often of incoming documents, too. The popes were among the first to adopt the old Roman practice of keeping registers; although nearly all the earlier ones have been lost, an almost uninterrupted series of papal registers is extant from the pontificate of Innocent III onward.

An important group of registers are the rolls kept by the medieval kings of England; the earliest extant rolls date from the 12th century. The keeping of registers in the chanceries of the French kings began about the year 1200, in Aragon about 1215, in Sicily under the Hohenstaufen emperor Frederick II (died 1250), and in the German imperial chancery from the early 14th century.