144.Weitzenblum E, Krieger J, Apprill M, et al: Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:345-349, 1988.

145.Bradley TD, Rutherford R, Lue F, et al: Role of diffuse airway obstruction in the hypercapnia of obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:920-924, 1986.

146.Garay SM, Rapoport D, Sorkin B, et al: Regulation of ventilation in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 124:451-457, 1981.

147.Lopata M, Onal E: Mass loading, sleep apnea, and the pathogenesis of obesity hypoventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:640-645, 1982.

148.. Loube DI, Strohl KP: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Screening and diagnosis. In McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds): Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London: WB Saunders, 2002, pp 86-102.

149.. Whittle AT, Finch SP, Mortimore IL, et al: Use of home sleep studies for diagnosis of the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Thorax 52:1068-1073, 1997.

150.. Hoffstein V: Is snoring dangerous to your health? Sleep 19:506-516, 1996.

151.. Braver HM, Block AJ, Perri MG: Treatment for snoring: Combined weight loss, sleeping on the side, and nasal spray. Chest 107:1283-1288, 1995.

152.. American Thoracic Society: Indications and standards for use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in sleep apnea syndromes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:1738-1745, 1994.

153.. Lévy P, Pépin JL: Management options in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds): Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London: WB Saunders, 2002, pp 105-115.

154.. Hoffstein V: Clinical significance and management of snoring without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds): Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London: WB Saunders, 2002, pp 164-178.

155.. O'Sullivan RA, Hillman DR, Mateljan R, et al: Mandibular advancement splint: An appliance to treat snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:194-198, 1995.

156.. Ferguson KA, Ono T, Lowe A, et al: A randomized cross-over trial of an oral appliance vs. nasal continuous positive airway pressure in the treatment of mild-moderate obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 109:1269-1275, 1996.

157.. Stradling JR, Negus TW, Smith D, et al: Mandibular advancement devices for the control of snoring. Eur Respir J 11:447-450, 1998.

158.. Engleman HE, Kingshott RN, Wraith PK, et al: Randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous positive airway pressure for mild sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:461-467, 1999.

159.. Fujita S, Conway W, Zorick F, et al: Surgical correction of anatomic abnormalities in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 89:923-934, 1981.

160.. Kamami YV: Laser CO2 for snoring: Preliminary results. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 44:451-456, 1990.

161.. Schmidt-Nowara WW, Meade TE, Hays MB: Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with a dental orthosis. Chest 99:1378-1385, 1991.

162.. Ng AT, Gotsopoulos H, Qian J, Cistulli PA: Effect of oral appliance therapy on upper airway collapsibility in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168:238-241, 2003.

163. Sher AE, Schechtman KB, Piccirillo JF: The efficacy of surgical modifications of the upper airway in adults with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 19:156-177, 1996.

164.. Ryan CF, Lowe AA, Li D, et al: Three dimensional upper airway computed tomography in obstructive sleep apnea: A prospective study in patients treated by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:428-432, 1991.

165.. Launois SH, Feroah TR, Campbell WN, et al: Site of pharyngeal narrowing predicts outcome of surgery for obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:182-189, 1993.

166.. Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, et al: Reversal of obstructive sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares. Lancet 1:862-865, 1981.

167.. Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, et al: Home treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure applied through a nose-mask. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 20:49-54, 1984.

168.. Hoffstein V, Viner S, Mateika S, et al: Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with nasal continuous positive airway pressure: Patient compliance, perception of benefits, and side effects. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:841-845, 1992.

169.. McNicholas WT: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds): Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London: WB Saunders, 2002, pp 116-133.

170.. Becker HF, Jerrentrup A, Ploch T, et al: Effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment on blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 107:68-73, 2003.

171.Logan AG, Tkacova R, Perlikowski SM, et al: Refractory hypertension and sleep apnea: Effect of CPAP on blood pressure and baroreflex. Eur Respir J 21:241-247, 2003.

172.. Weitzman ED, Kahn E, Pollack CP: Quantitative analysis of sleep and sleep apnea before and after tracheostomy in patients with the hypersomnia-sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 3:407-423, 1980.

173.. Guilleminault C, Simmons FB, Motta J, et al: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and tracheostomy: Long-term followup experience. Arch Intern Med 141:985-988, 1981.

174.Bradley TD, Phillipson EA: Central sleep apnea. Clin Chest Med 13:493-505, 1992.

175.. Bradley TD, McNicholas WT, Rutherford R, et al: Clinical and physiologic heterogeneity of the central sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 134:217-221, 1986.

176.Orem J: The nature of the wakefulness stimulus to breathing. Prog Clin Biol Res 345:23-31, 1990.

177.. McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA: Central hypoventilation syndromes and hypercapnic central sleep apnea. In McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds): Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London: WB Saunders, 2002, pp 239-245.

178.. Bradley TD: Nonhypercapnic central sleep apnea. In McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds): Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London: WB Saunders, 2002, pp 246-264.

179.. Phillipson EA: Control of breathing during sleep. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:909-939, 1978.

180.Khoo MCK, Kronauer RE, Strohl KP, et al: Factors inducing periodic breathing in humans: A general model. J Appl Physiol 53:644-659, 1982.

181.. Skatrud JB, Dempsey JA: Interaction of sleep state and chemical stimuli in sustaining rhythmic ventilation. J Appl Physiol 55:813-822, 1983.

182.186. Datta AK, Shea SA, Horner RL, et al: The influence of induced hypocapnia and sleep on the endogenous respiratory rhythm in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 440:17-33, 1991.

183.187. Khoo MCK, Gottschalk A, Pack AI: Sleep-induced periodic breathing and apnea: A theoretical study. J Appl Physiol 70:2014-2024, 1991.

184.Berssenbrugge A, Dempsey J, Iber C, et al: Mechanisms of hypoxia-induced periodic breathing during sleep in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 343:507-524, 1983.

185.. Lahiri S, Maret K, Sherpa MG: Dependence of high altitude sleep apnea on ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia. Respir Physiol 52:281-301, 1983.

186.. Weil JV: Sleep at high altitude. Clin Chest Med 6:615-621, 1985.

187.. Javaheri S, Parker TJ, Liming JD, et al: Sleep apnea in 81 ambulatory male patients with stable heart failure. Circulation 97:2154-2159, 1998.

188.. Sin DD, Fitzgerald F, Parker JD, et al: Risk factors for central and obstructive sleep apnea in 450 men and women with congestive heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:1101-1106, 1999.

189.. Naughton M, Benard D, Tam A, et al: Role of hyperventilation in the pathogenesis of central sleep apneas in patients with congestive heart failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:330-338, 1993.

190.. Lorenzi-Filho G, Rankin F, Bies I, et al: Effects of inhaled carbon dioxide and oxygen on Cheyne-Stokes respiration in patients with heart failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:1490-1498, 1999.