Finland, South Africa and Bosnia-Herzegovina are each burdened by memories of a civil war, between either social classes, racial groups or ethnic communities. History wars have followed the conflicts and been fought on the arenas of popular rhetoric, public memory, that is, monuments, museums and commemoration rituals, and history education. This book studies how the parties to these conflicts have attributed guilt to Athe othersA and victimhood to AusA in each country, and compares their respective memory politics and education strategies. The author draws on the potential on Ahistory from belowA activities and multiperspectival history lessons.