to feel at ease with smb., to blend informality with a correctness of expression, never to speak down to smb., to make the

meaning sufficiently clear in context, to encourage smb., to ask for an explanation any time one feels unsure.

2. The primary school principal who also trains teachers gives advice, a "bag of tools" which will enable the students to have

control over unfortunate classes (difficult, badly-behaved classes).

The word combinations to be used:

to enter into the class as you wish, to start on time, to know in full the alibis of any late arrival, to allow no movement of

furniture, to forbid squabbling over who sits where, to learn who is who, to use individual names as much as possible, not to talk for

long periods, to require pupils to do a piece of work within their capability, to keep a note of those who are consistently without what

they should have, to be strict but consistent, to finish in an orderly fashion.

13: Read the following text. Consider the penalties which are described in the extract. Do you think they will have a positive effect? Which of

them would you use in class if any at all? Do you know any others? Do you think punishment in general should be used in teaching?

Penalties Against the Fixed Rules

There was no need to waste time in preliminary admonitions. Miss Dove's rules were as fixed as the signs of the zodiac. And they

were known. The penalties for infractions of the rules were also known. If a child introduced a foreign object — a pencil, let us say,

or a wad of paper, or a lock of hair — into his mouth, he was required to wash out his mouth with yellow laundry soap. If his posture

was incorrect he had to go and sit for a while upon a stool without a back-rest. If a page in his notebook was untidy, he had to rewrite

it. If he emitted an uncovered cough, he was expected to rise immediately and fling open a window, no matter how cold the weather,

so that a blast of fresh air could protect his fellows from the contamination of his germs. Again if he felt obliged to disturb the class

routine by leaving the room for a drink of water (Miss Dove loftily ignored any other necessity) he did so to an accompaniment of

dead silence. Miss Dove would look at him — that was all — following his departure and greeting his return with her per fectly

expressionless gaze and the whole class would sit idle and motionless, until he was back in the fold again. It was easier — even if

one had eaten salt fish for breakfast — to remain and suffer.

13. Discuss the text of Ex. 13 and the problem of punishment in pairs. One of the pair will insist that punishment should be abolished and

never used in class, the other will defend the opposite point of view. Be sure to provide sound arguments for whatever you say. Consider the

following and expand on the items where possible.

For:

A g a i n s t :

1. Punishment helps to do away with animal instincts such as

1..It is no good to discipline children through fear.

greed, anger, idleness and discourtesy which lie in the depth of

2.Any punishment (corporal punishment in particular)

human nature.

humiliates a human being.

2.It is impossible to bring up self-confident,strong-willed

3.Teachers who punish their pupils do not care for children,

citizens without any punishment, as it keeps them under

they care only that children conform to the rules.

control.

4.When one uses any kind of punishment he brings up

3.The thing that distinguishes a man from a brute is not

(produces) cruel and heartless people.

instinct but performance, and certain kinds of punishment help

5.Punishment leads to lies, as children would tell any lie to

here a lot.

prevent the unpleasant act.

4.Not all kinds of punishment are acceptable, but it is

6. Punishment destroys a child's personality.

inevitable as a phenomenon to control discipline.

5.The means of punishment is important, it should never be

humiliating, never contemptuous. Children are not monsters,

some of them simply go a little further than they intend.

6.It is not punishment itself that is important, but the threat

that it represents (it keeps children from breaking the rutes).

15. The extracts given below present controversial subjects. Team up with another student, work out arguments "for" and "against" and

discuss the extracts in pairs. Use conversational formulas of agreement, disagreement, giving opinion (see Appendix).

A. Should a teacher take home his pupils' work to check it?

"Don't fall into the habit of bringing work home, Rick. It indicates a lack of planning, and you would eventually find yourself

stuck indoors every night. Teaching is like having a bank account. You can happily draw on it while it is well supplied with new

funds; otherwise you're in difficulties. Every teacher should have a fund of ready information on which to draw; he should keep that

fund supplied regularly by new experiences, new thoughts and discoveries, by reading and moving around among people from whom

he can acquire such things."

B. Should a teacher plan all the procedure of a lesson?

"The rest of that summer Miss Dove mapped her strategies in her bed-chamber. To represent a classroom she laid her father's

chessboard on a table by the north window. The squares were desks. The ivory men were children. For hours on end, moving them

about the board, speaking to them in unequivocal terms, she did what might be called "practice teaching". To the last detail she

planned her procedure. The greeting to each class, as it entered the room, the ceremony of its dismissal, the rules and penalties and

forms were all settled upon. The presentation of her subject matter was carefully considered."

C. Should compulsory school attendance be abolished?

"We should abolish compulsory school attendance. Our compulsory school attendance laws once served a humane and useful

purpose. They protected children's rights to some schooling, against those adults who would otherwise have denied it to them in order

to exploit their labour, in farm, shop, store, mine, or factory. Today, the laws help nobody, not the schools, not the teachers, not the

children. To keep kids in school who would rather not be there costs the the schools an enormous amount of time and trouble, to say

nothing of what it costs to repair the damage that these angry and resentful prisoners do whenever they get the chance. Every teacher

knows that any kid in class who, for whatever reason, would rather not be there, not only doesn't learn anything himself but makes

learning harder for anyone else. For many kids, not going to college, school is just a useless time-wasting obstacle preventing them

from needed money or doing some useful work."

D. Should fixed curriculum be used in schools?

"Some harder reforms are required. Abolish the fixed, required curriculum. People remember only what is interesting and useful

to them, what helps make sense of the world or helps them enjoy or get along in it. All else they quickly forget, if they ever learn it at

all. The idea of the "body of knowledge", to be picked up at school and used for the rest of one's life, is nonsense in a world as

complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anyway, the most important questions and problems of our time are not in the curriculum,

not even in the hot-shot universities, let alone the schools. Check any university catalogue and see how many courses you can find on