and left the room.

Ant to shake one's bead

2. дремать, клевать носом, е.g. She sat in the armchair nodding over her book.

nod n кивок, е.g. She passed me with a nod. She gave me a nod.

7. ruin n 1. гибель, крушение, разорение, е.g. The death of Davy's mother was the ruin of

his hopes.

to bring smb. (smth.) to ruin разорить, погубить, е.g. Не brought his family to ruin.

2. развалины ( often pl), руины, е.g. The ruins of Rome. The enemy left the city in rains.

rain υt губить, разрушать, разорять

to ruin one's life (hopes, business, constitution), е.g. He knew that he himself had ruined

his life by stealing the money.

to rain oneself разориться, е.g. The fellow rained himself by card-playing.

ruinous adj разорительный, губительный, разрушительный

8. to rub υt/i тереть(-ся), натирать, е.g. The gymnast rubbed his hands with talc. The dog

rubbed its nose against my coat.

to rub smth. dry вытирать насухо, е.g. Не rubbed Ms face (hands) dry.

to rub in втирать (мазь и т. д.), е.g. Rub the oil in well.

to rub off стирать (удалять с поверхности), е.g. Rub the words off the blackboard.

to rub out стирать ( написанное чернилами, карандашом), в. д. She rubbed all the pencil

marks out.

to rub one's hands (together) потирать руки от удовольствия, е.g. His manner of rubbing

bis hands gets on my nerves.

rub n, е.g. She gave the spoons a good rub.

9. vacant adj незанятый, свободный; вакантный, пустой, е.g. The telephone booth was

vacant and I was able to telephone at once. She gazed into vacant space.

N o t e: The Russian words свободный and пустой have different English equivalents:

1. свободный may be translated by vacant, free, not engaged, spare, loose.

vacant means "not occupied," as a vacant seat (room, house, flat); a vacant post (position); a

vaсant mind

free means "independent," as a free person; a free state; free will

not engaged means "not occupied, not busy," е.g. You are not engaged now, are you?

Ant. engaged, busy

Spare means "additional to what is usually needed," е.g. I have spare time today. I've got

spare cash about me and can lend you 3 or 5 roubles.

loose means "not tight or not fitting close," е.g. He had loose clothes on. All the window

frames in my flat are loose.

Ant tight

2. пустой has the following English equivalents: vacant, empty, blank, shallow.

(See the notes to the word blank on p. 164.)

vacancy n вакантная должность, е.g. We have a vacancy on our staff. We advertised for a

secretary to fill the vacancy.

NOTES ON WORD-FORMATION

The verb to land was made from the noun land by means of c o n v e r s i o n which is

a very productive way of making new words in modern English.

In conversion, a new word and the one from which it is produced have the same phonetic

shape but always belong to different categories or parts of speech, so that verbs may be produced

from nouns or adjectives ( е.g. to hand вручать; to comb причесывать; to pocket класть в карман;

to pale бледнеть), nouns from verbs ( е.g. break перерыв; drive поездка; find находка), etc.

The other two main ways of word-building are a f f i x a t i o n (or so called

derivation) and c o m p o s i t i o n .

In affixation new words are produced with the help of affixes (that is suffixes and prefixes),

е. g: beautiful, swimmer, unbelievable.

In composition new words are produced from two or more stems, е.g.: classroom, wall

newspaper, good-for-nothing, blue-eyed, etc.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)

Words

break υ, n

hesitate υ

ruin υ, n

curl υ, n

land υ

ruinous adj

curled adj

namesake n

shock υ

curling adj

nod υ, n

smart (-looking) adj

curly adj

pause υ, n

stick υ

current a.

rather adv

vacant adj

drive υ, n

rub υ

vacancy n

driver n

Word Combinations

in a way

to break off

to be willing to

do smth.

to break out

to stick to smth. (smb.)

to break the

record

to be down and out

to break with

to

commit

suicide

to curl one's lip

to drive at

to curl up

on account of

to drive up (away)

to

be taken

aback

to drive smb. mad

to shrug one's shoulders

to make a pause

to have bad (good) luck

to rub one's hands (together)

to rum up

to bring smb. (smth.) to ruin

EXERCISES

I. Read the text and do the following (A. Grammar, B. Word usage, C. Word-

formation).

A. 1. Pick out from the text all the irregular verbs and give their four forms. 2. Search the text

for - ing-forms and classify them according to their functions in the sentences. 3. Mark all the cases

of Sequence of Tenses in the text and comment on them (explain the rules). 4. Select sentences with

the verb go used as a link verb; what other verbs can be used in the same function?

B. 1. Pick out from the text words and phrases describing appearance. 2. Tick off all

introductory phrases used by Burton; use them in sentences of your own. 3. Pick out all the

sentences with the word rather and translate them into Russian. 4. Paraphrase all the sentences with

the verb get.

C. 1. Pick out from the text all compound words and identify their type. 2. Construct some

compounds modelling them after well-dressed and smart-looking. 3. Search the text for verbs and

nouns formed by means of conversion.

II. Translate in writing three paragraphs from the text: 1) the first paragraph, 2)

the paragraph beginning with "He didn't move" and 3) the paragraph from "Swim!"

up to "Suddenly I had an idea".

Read the translation in class and discuss it with your fellow-students.

III. a) Transcribe these words:

handsome, well-dressed, quarter, experience, lose, suicide, pausing, current, aback, shoulder,

drowned.

b) Transcribe and explain the rules of reading these words:

wild, rather, curl, pawn, pass, constitution, dissipation, beacon, question, half, vacancy,

poker, trifle.

IV. Write twenty special questions about the text In each question use one of

the phrases from Essential Vocabulary (I).

V. Fill in prepositions:

1. handsome ... a way; 2. to know... one's own experience; 3. He could lose money ...

bridge ... a good grace. 4. to have bad luck ... cards; 5. He did not want to stick ... bridge. 6. He was

all... pieces. 7. I understand what he was driving .... 8. I landed ... the creek of Tarumi. 9.... account...;

10. He never turned....

VI. Study Vocabulary Notes and translate the illustrative examples into