41 Gilder G. Men and Marriage. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publisher, 1985.
Jackson J. Real Men (1983); социологическое исследование гендерной организации жизни таких геев см.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
Цит. по: Chappie S., Talbot D. Burning Desires: Sex in America. New York: Doubleday, 1989. P. 356.
Clarke C. Lesbianism: An Act of Resistance // Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader / Ed. S.Jackson, S.Scott. P. 155.
Bell A., Weinberg M. Homosexualities. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978; Masters W., Johnson V, Kolodny R.
Human Sexuality. New York: Harper and Row, 1978; Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples. P. 317.
Данные из: Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples; интервью цит. no: Bell A., Weinberg M.
Homosexualities. P. 220.
Nichols M. Lesbian Sexuality: Issues and Developmental Theory // Lesbian Psychologies / Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987; Masters W, Johnson V, Kolodny R. Human Sexuality.
48 Plummer K. Sexual Stigma. New York: Routledge, 1975. P. 102.
Davison G., Neale J. Abnormal Psychology: An Experimental-Clinical Approach. New York: John Wiley, 1974. P.
293.
Muehlenhard C. «Nice Women» Don't Say Yes...; Gagnon J., Michaels S. Answer No Questions: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Deviant Categorization: unpublished manuscript. 1989. P. 2. О влиянии гомофобии на
жизнь гетеросексуальных мужчин см. также: Goldstein R. The Hate That Makes Men Straight // The Village Voice. 1998. December 22.
Об этих изменениях в общем см.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho.
Kimmel M., Levine M. A Hidden Factor in AIDS: «Real» Men's Hypersexuality//The Los Angeles Times. 1991.
June 3. Конечно, выбираемые женщинами стратегии рискованного поведения тоже гендеризованы. Если
мужчины часто демонстрируют свою мужественность, совершая весьма рискованные поступки или
занимаясь рискованными видами деятельности, то женщины часто начинают употреблять наркотики в
контексте «романтических» отношений или при сексуальной инициации. А некоторые женщины также
подвергают себя риску заразиться СПИДом от мужчин — сексуальных партнеров. На это указала мне Роуз
Вайтц, за что я ей выражаю благодарность.
447
53 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 82-84, 98, 177, 192, 302-309, 518-529.
54 Rubin L. Erotic Wars- P. 165.
Глава 11
1 Youth and Violence: Psychology's Response. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth, 1993; Saving Youth from Violence // Carnegie Quarterly. 1994. Vol. 39. № I.
2 United States Department of Justice. Uniform Crime Reports, 1991. P. 17; Craven D. Sex Differences in Violent Victimization, 1994. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice (NCJ-164508), 1994; см. также: Daly M., Wilson M.
Homicide. Chicago: Aldine, 1988.
3 Цит. по: Gottfredson M., Hirschi T. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. P. 145. См.
также: Barkan S. Why Do Men Commit Almost All Homicides and Assault? // Criminology: A Sociological Understanding.
Englewood, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1997; Masculinities and Violence / Ed. L.Bowker. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998.
4 Wilson J.Q., Herrnstein R. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. P. 121. Описания
некоторых биологических теорий насилия см. выше, в главе 2.
5 Эти аргументы я обобщил в главе 2.
6 Lorber J. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. P. 39. О социологии насилия мужчин см.
особенно: Kaufman M Cracking the Armour: Power, Pain and the Lives of Men. Toronto: Viking, 1993; Idem. The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. 4th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997; Jackson Т Violence and the Masculine Ideal: Some Qualitative Data // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1966. № 364 (March).
7 Ehrenreich B. Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1997. P. 45, 127.
8 Howell S., Willis R. Societies at Peace. New York: Routledge, 1983.
9 Ibid. P. 38.
10 См. также: Stanko E. Everyday Violence. London: Pandora, 1990. P. 71.
11 Butterfield F. All God's Children: The Bosket Family and the American Tradition of Violence. New York: Avon, 1995. P.
329.
12 Ibid. P. 325; см. также: Wray H. Behind Bars // U.S. News and World Report. 1998. March 23. P. 33; Livingston J.
Crime and Sex: It's a Man's World // Crime and Criminology. 2nd edition. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1996.
13 Цит. по: Stephenson J. Men Are Not Cost Effective. Napa: Diemer, Smith, 1991. P. 248.
448
14 Sharkey J. Slamming the Brakes on Hot Pursuit // The New York Times. 1997. December 14. P. 3.
l5AdlerF. Sisters in Crime. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975. P. 10; Simon R. Women and Crime. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1975 P. 40.
16 Feely M., Little D.L. The Vanishing Female: The Decline of Women in the Criminal Process // Law and Society Review. 1991. Vol. 25. № 4. P. 739.
17 Steffensmeier D.J. Trends in Female Crime: It's Still a Man's World // The Criminal Justice System and Women / Ed.
B.R.Price, N.J.SokoIoff. New York: Clark, Boardman, 1982. P. 121.
18
Katz J. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books, 1988. P. 71.
19 Ibid. P. 247.
20 StefTensmeicr D., Allan E. Criminal Behavior: Gender and Age // Criminology: A Contemporary Handbook /
Ed. J.F.Sheley. Mountain View, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1995. P. 85.
21 Adams D. Biology Does Not Make Men More Aggressive Than Women // Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression / Ed. K.Bjorkvist, P. Niemela. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992. P. 14; см. также: Pearson P.
When She Was Bad: Violent Women and the Myth of Innocence. New York: Viking, 1998; Mann C.R. When Women Kill. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Fraczek A. Patterns of Aggressive-Hostile Behavior Orientation among Adolescent Boys and Girls // Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression /Ed. K.Bjorkvist, P.Niemela; Lagerspetz K.M.J., Bjorkvist K. Indirect Aggression in Boys and Girls //Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives / Ed. L.R.Huesmann. New York: Plenum, 1994.
Viemero V Changes in Female Aggression Over a Decade // Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression /
Ed. K.Bjorkvist, P.Niemela. P. i05.
См., напр.: Donahue A. Population of Female Inmates Reaches Record // USA Today. 1997. July 21; Steffensmeier D., Allan E. Criminal Behavior. P. 85.
25CaIdicott H. Missile Envy. New York: William Morruv,, 1984; Ehrenreich B. The Violence Debate since Adam and Eve // Test the West: Gender Democracy and Violence. Vienna: Federal Minister of Women's Affairs, 1994. P.
34.
"\f
Connell R.W. Masculinity, Violence and War // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. 3rd ed. P. 129.
7 Halberstam D. The Best and the Brightest, New York: Random House, 1972. P. 531.
2Я
Цит. по: Easlea B. Fathering the Unthinkable: Masculinity, Scientists and the Nuclear Arms Race. London: Pluto Press, 1983. P. 117; см. также: Easlea B. Patriarchy, Scientists and Nuclear Warriors // Beyond Patriarchy: Essays by Men on Pleasure, Power and Change / Ed. M.Kaufman. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1987; Stone I.F. Machismo in Washington // Men and Masculinity / Ed. J.Pleck, J.Sawyer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974; Cohn C. «Clean 449
Bombs» and Clean Language // Women, Militarism and War: Essays in History, Politics and Social Theory / Ed.
