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Watson F. The Frontiers of China. - N.Y. - Wash., 1966. 638. Wright A. F. The Sui Dynasty. - N.Y., 1978. 639. Yang Liang-Sheng. Historical Notes to the Chinese World Order. Chinese World Order. - Cambridge (Mass.) - L., 1974. 640. Yang Lien-Sheng. Hostages in Chinese History. - "H.J.A.S." Vol. 15, 1952, #3-4. 641. Yen Su-fei S. Taiwan in China's Foreign Relations 1836-1874. Hamden, Connecticut, 1965. 642. Younghusband F.E. The Heart of a Continent. - N.Y., 1904. 643. Yuan T'oung-li, Watanabe Hiroshi. Classified Bulletin of Chinese Books and Articles Concerning Sinkiang. 1886-1962. - Tokyo, 1962. 644. Yu Ying-Shih. Trade and Expansion in Han China. - Berkeley, L-A., 1967. SUMMARY The analysis of the China's relations with "the Western Region" starting from the age of ancient Han dynasty shows that during many years in the ruling circles of China proper there existed a number of traditional ideas concerning the prospects and profits of China's control over those areas. Sometimes it was real spread of Chinese supremacy over some lands of the present Xinjiang-Uigur Autonomous Region (e.g. Komul and Turfang oases) or, at least, certain control over brisk trade arteries, which lay through the lands in question Taking into consideration the history of China's communication with Xi-yu it is impossible to make a conclusion on the existence of any permanent political status of the Western lands in Chinese ideology and historiography. It was quite traditional for the historians to doubt the usefulness of China's strive to own the lands of modern SUAR. Nevertheless it was no less traditional for the Chinese rulers to long for setting military expeditions to Xi-yu. In the political thought of China all the difficulty of the practical foreign policy was embodied in a simplified dilemma - that is whether it was better to conquer or to give up Jungaria and Eastern Turkestan (Kashgaria). In the end of the 19th century this ideas were personified in Ch'ing generals Tso Tsung-Tang and Li Hung-Chang who led two opposing directions in the question on Ch'ing policy concerning Xinjiang. Most traditional lines in North-Western policy of Chinese rulers found their continuation and confirmation in the 19th century when the Qings temporarily lost their influence on the territories of Xinjiang after dungang and uighur rebellions of 1864-1878. In spite of the fact that China itself was in an extraordinary difficult position at that time, in spite of the necessity to oppose active economical and political attacks of Western countries, the Beijing court for the first time decided to take foreign loans to meet the necessities of the Xinjiang campaign. Despite all objective difficulties and difference of opinion on the further fate of Xinjiang after a heated discussion among the officials the Manchu government, being pressed by Tso Tsung-Tang and his supporters, reached the unconditional decision to restore its supremacy over Xi-yu region. Contents Author's Foreword: Tso Tsung-Tang in Xinjiang (1869-1877) - 5 Introduction - 9 Chapter I. Origins of the Views on the Western Lands in the Political Thinking of the Ch'ing Empire - 44 1. The Han Dynasty and Xi-yu. (221 BC - 220 AD) - 46 2. P'ei Ju Being the Creator of the Ideology of Sui Dynasty and Turkish Kaganat's Relations - 54 3. Tang China and the Western Lands (618-907) - 58 4. The Tchingissids in Xi-yu. The Overall Result of the Pre-Ch'ing Relations of China with the Western Lands - 66 5. Early Ch'ing Interests in Xi-yu - 70 6. The Role of the Agrarian Overpopulation in China-proper in the Ch'ing External Policy. Some Conclusions - 75 Chapter II. Internal Political Controversies in China Concerning Situation in Xinjiang (19th cent., 60-70-th) - 88 1. The Manchu and the Xi-yu in the 19th Century - 88 2. Wei Yuan on Xinjiang. The Main Principles of the Ch'ing Policy in Xi-Yu - 92 3. The Situation in Xinjiang before Tso Tsung-Tang's Expedition - 98 4. The Unsanctioned Beginning of the Discussion Concerning the Fate of Ch'ing Supremacy in Xinjiang. - 101 5. Personnel Shifts and Plots related - 105 6. The Taiwan Crisis -108 7. Beijing Court Being the Highest Instance. The Question of Subsidies 111 8. Li Hung-Chang: for "Self-strengthening" without Xinjiang - 114 9. The Duel between Li Hung-chang and Tso Tsung-tang on Political Priorities in the Empire's Defense - 119 10. Tso Tsung-Tang on Xinjiang: Arguments that Formed the Fate of Xi-Yu 128 11. Discussion Concerning the Final Steps of Xinjiang's Conquest - 138 Chapter III. The Ili Crisis being the Last Block. (The Question of the Ili Region Future from Russian and Ch'ing China's Points of View in the End of the 19th Century) - 142 1. Once More about "the Ili Crisis" - 142 2. Russian Vector. The Look from Saint-Petersburg - 146 3. The Look from - 154 4. Kuldga is Taken. What next? -159 5. The Chinese Vector. The Look from Beijing and Xinjiang - 162 6. Tso Tsung-Tang for War in the Ili Region - 166 7. Li Hung-Chang for the Compromise with Russia. - 170 8. The End of the Crisis. The Fate of Xinjiang is Defined - 175 Conclusion - 178 Bibliography - 184 The List of Abbreviations - 214