(61) В естественном состоянии страх «от природы бесконечен, поскольку… он не может завершиться победой». De Cive, 1.3, p. 118.
(62) Leviathan, ch. 13, p. 89.
(63) Leviathan, ch. 14, p. 91.
(64) Leviathan, chs. 14, 21, pp. 93, 151.
(65) Leviathan, ch. 14, p. 92.
(66) Leviathan, chs. 21, 28, pp. 151-52, 214.
(67) Wolin, p. 281–85; Michael Walzer, Obligations: Essays on Disobedience, War, and Citizenship (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 80–87.
(68) Единственным преступлением, требующим авторитарного, безусловного наказания, является измена. Leviathan, chs. 26, 27, 28, pp. 187, 190, 209, 214–16, 219.
(69) Leviathan, ch. 28, p. 215.
(70) Leviathan, ch. 28, p. 215.
(71) De Cive, 2.19, p. 131.
(72) De Cive, 6.13, p. 183.
(73) Leviathan, ch. 13, p. 89.
(74) Leviathan, ch. II, p. 71.
(75) Leviathan, ch. 46, p. 459.
(76) Я заимствую понятия «партия движения» и «партия порядка» у историка Арно Майера, получившего их от Джона Стюарта Милля и гарвардского президента Лоуренса Лоуэлла. См.: Arno J. Mayer, Political Origins of the New Diplomacy (New York: Vintage, 1970, 1959), p. 4. См. также: Noberto Bobbio, Left and Right: The Signifi cance of a Polit ical Distinction / trans. Allan Cameron (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
(77) Maximilien Robespierre, Report on the Principles of Political Morality, в изд.: The Old Regime and the French Revolution / ed. Keith Michael Baker (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 375.
(78) Todorov, pp. 3-70. См. также замечания (в другом русле) Алана Райана о Р. Г. Тауни в его «Социализме для девяностых», Dissent (Fall 1990), p. 440.
(79) Великолепные анализы контрреволюционной теории и практики представлены в кн.: Isaiah Berlin, Joseph de Maistre and the Origins of Fascism, в изд. The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas / ed. Henry Hardy (New York: Vintage, 1992), pp. 91-174; Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of Germanic Ideology (Garden City, N. Y: Anchor Books, 1961); Arno Mayer, The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000); Greg Grandin, The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Tina Rosenberg, Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America (New York: Penguin, 1991), pp. 77-142, 331-87.
(80) Rosenberg, Children of Cain, p. 13.
(81) Aubrey, Brief Lives, p. 236; Martinich, p. 91; G. A. J. Rogers, Hobbes’s Hidden Influence, в изд.: Perspectives on Thomas Hobbes / ed. G. A. J. Rogers and Alan Ryan (Oxford: Clarendon, 1988), pp. 196-97; Skinner, Reason and Rhetoric, p. 225; Leviathan, ch. 46, pp. 471-72. См. также: Tuck, Hobbes, pp. 13–16; Watkins, pp. 28–41; Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes, pp. 151-52.
(82) Bertolt Brecht, Galileo (New York: Grove Press, 1966), pp. 99, 110.
(83) Brecht, pp. 122-24.
(84) Brecht, pp. 61–64.
(85) Brecht, p. 123.
2. Террор*
(1) Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth, or the Long Parliament / ed. Ferdinand Tönnies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), p. V.
(2) Pierre Goubert, Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen / trans. Anne Carter (New York: Vintage, 1966, 1970), pp. 57, 63–70, 87–89, 92–97; Alfred Cobban, A History of Modern France. Volume One: The Old Regime and the French Revolution, 1715–1799, 3rd ed. (New York: Penguin. 1963), pp. 9, 11–12; Montesquieu, The Persian Letters / trans, and ed. Robert Loy (New York: Meridian, 1961), letter 37, p. 95.
(3) Robert Schackleton, Montesquieu: A Critical Biography (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 3–5, 13–18, 85–89, 202, 226-28; Judith N. Shklar, Montesquieu (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 1–5, 18–19, 69, 74–75, 79–81; Nannerl Keohane, Philosophy and the State in France: The Renaissance to the Enlightenment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 403-7; Franz Neumann. Montesquieu, в изд.: The Democratic and Authoritarian State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory / ed. Herbert’ Marcuse (New York: Free Press, 1957), pp. 111-12; Melvin Richter, The Political Theory of Montesquieu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). pp. 31–32, 45–46; Melvin Richter, Despotism, в изд: Dictionary of the History of Ideas. vol. 2 / ed. Philip P. Wiener (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), pp. 7–9; Raymond Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought I: Montesquieu, Comte, Marx. Tocqueville, the Sociologists of the Revolution of 1848 / trans. Richard Howard and Helen Weaver (Garden City, ny.: Doubleday, 1968), p. 26; R. Koebner, Despot and Despotism: Vicissitudes of a Political Term // Journal of the Warburg and Courtland Institutes 14 (1951): 293–302; Orest Ranum, Personality and Politics in the Persian letters // Political Science Quarterly 84 (December 1969): 609-12, 617-22; Franco Venturi, Oriental Despotism // Journal of the History of Ideas 24 (January-March 1963): 134-36; David Young, Montesquieu’s View of Despotism and His Use of Travel Literature // Review of Politics 40 (July 1978): 404-5.
(4) Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws / ed. Anne M. Cohler et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 1.2, pp. 6–7.
(5) Voltaire, LA, B, C, in Philosophical Dictionary, vol. 2 / trans. Peter Gay (New York Basic, 1962), p. 508.
(6) Исследователи, обращавшиеся к «Персидским письмам», ошибочно считали, что содержащийся в этой книге анализ деспотического террора идентичен анализу «Духа законов» либо что это было раннее следствие его более позднего труда. См.: Roger Boesche, Fearing Monarchs and Merchants: Montesquieu’s Two Theories of Despotism, Western Political Quarterly 43 (December 1990): 742; Mark Hulliung, Montesquieu and the Old Regime (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), p. 138; Pauline Kra, The Invisible Chain of the Lettres Persanes, Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century (1963): 11; Tzvetan Todorov, On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought / trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 353; Neumann, p. 102; Richter, Despotism, p. 9; Richter, The Political Theory of Montesquieu, p. 45; Shackleton, Montesquieu, p. 45; Shklar, Montesquieu, p. 67. О критике данных анализов и более полный анализ того, как «Персидские письма» противоречат «Духу законов» cм: Corey Robin, Reflections on Fear: Montesquieu in Retrieval // American Political Science Review 94 (June 2000): 347-60.
(7) Persian Letters, letters 1, 8, 17. 105-6, 115, pp. 47, 54. 68–69, 195–99, 210–12; Shklar, Montesquieu, pp. 26–27, 30
(8) Hulliung. p. 123; Shklar, Montesquieu, pp. 31, 34; Todorov, pp. 355-56.
(9) Isaiah Berlin, Montesquieu, в изд.: Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas / ed Henry Hardy (London: Hogarth Press, 1990), pp. 130-61; Sheldon Wolin, Montesquieu and Publius: The Crisis of Reason and The Federalist Papers, в изд.: The Presence of the Past: Essays on the State and the Constitution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 100-19; Shklar, Montesquieu, pp. 107, 124.
(10) Persian Letters, letters 2, 20, pp. 47–48, 73–74.
(11) Persian Letters, letter 9, p. 55; См. также письмо 64 и дополнение 2, pp. 134–37, 285–288.
