98 Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 179; Wills, Under God, p. 25.

99 Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 14, 19; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millenial Themes in American Thought, 1756— 1800 (Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. xiv.

100 John Adams, letter to Hezekiah Niles, 13 February 1818, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Selected

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Writings of John and John Quincy Adams (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), p. 203.

101 Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 44-45.

102 William W. Sweet, Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth, and Decline (New York: Scribners, 1944),p. 159-61.

103 Alan P. Grimes, The Puritan Ethic and Woman Suffrage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 102.

104 Sidney Ahlstrom, "National Taruma and the Changing Religious Values", Daedalus, 107 (Winter 1978), p. 19-20.

105 Al Haber, quoted in Edward J. Bacciocco, Jr., The New Left in America (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1974), p. 228-29.

106 Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); and for a somewhat different view, James Kurth, "The Protestant Reformation and American Foreign Policy", Orbis, (Spring 1998), p. 221-39.

107 Newsweek, 8 July 2002, p. 23-25; New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. Al, A21.

108 New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. A21, 1 July 2002, p. A8, 1 March 2003, p. A2.

109 New York Times, 29 Nov 1999, p. A14.

110 Gaines M. Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in John Bodnar, ed. Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 121-22; Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 22; Robert Middlekauff, "The Ritualization of the American Revolution", in Stanley Cohen and Lormon Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 50-53; Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 75; Michael Novak, God's Country: Taking the Declaration Seriously (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1999 Francis Boyer Lecture, 2000), p. 12-17.

111 Quotations from Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World

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Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), p. 38; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 180-82; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 214; Novak, God's Country, p. 25-26; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 316.

112 Sidney E. Mead, The Nation With the Soul of a Church (New York : Harper Row, 1975), p. 78ff.

113 Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 268.

114 Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America: 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 16-21 and passim.

115 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1, p. 45, 316, 319; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961) p. 14,75-76.

116 James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), vol. 2, p. 278, 577, 583; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 11; Paul Johnson, "Writing A History of the American People" (lecture, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., 13 March 1998), p. 6; Paul Johnson, "The Almost-Chosen People", The Wilson Quarterly, 9 (Winter 1985), p. 85-86.

117 Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-12 December 1999, 17-19 February 2003,9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Quinnipiac University Poll, 4-9 June 2003; General Social Survey 2002, 6 February-26 June 2002, National Opinion Research Center, Q0118; The National Election Studies (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center of Political Studies, 1995-2000), V850; Jack Citrin, Ernst B. Haas, Christopher Muste, and Beth Reingold, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly, 38 (March 1994), p. 13, citing 1992 National Election Study.

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118 Quinnipiac University Poll,4-9 June 2003; Gallup Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 18-20 March 2002, 22-24 July 2002, 17-29 June 2002; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 9-10 December 2002, 3-6 October 2002, 2-4 September 2002,28-30 June 2002,21 -23 June 2002; CBS News Poll, 28 April-1 May 2003; Time/CNN/Harris Interactive Poll, 27 March 2003; Investor's Business Daily/ Christian Science Monitor Poll, 3-8 September 2002; Boston Globe, 16 January 1999, p. A3 citing C. Kirk Hadaway and Penny Long Marler, "Did You Really Go to Church this Week? Behind the Poll Data", Christian Century, 6 May 1998, p. 472-5, and Andrew Walsh, Religion in the News, Fall 1998; Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword, p. 278; Wall Street Journal, 9 November 1990, p. A8; Economist, 29 May 1999, p. 29.

119 Krister Stendhal quoted in William G. McLoughlin and Robert N. Bellah, Religion in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. xv; The Gallup Organization, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2000), p. 50-56.

120 Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States (New York: St. Martin's, 1987).

121 George Bishop, "What Americans Really Believe", Free Inquiry, 9 (Summer 1999), p. 38-42.

122 Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez, and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook: Political, Religious, Sexual, and Economic Norms in 43 Societies: Findings from the 1990-1993 World Values Survey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. V9, V20, V38, V143, V146, V147, V151, V166.V176.

123 Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 55-56, 56-57; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 66-69; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5-6, 11-54.

124 Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 57; Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), chapter 5; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in

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American Thought, 1756-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 12; Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 36-44; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 114.

125 Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 75-76, 131; Cushing Strout, The New Heavens and New Earth: Political Religion in America (New York: Harper Row, 1974), p. 71; Phillips, The Cousins' Wars, p. 91-100; McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State, p. 18; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon Schuster, 1990), p. 360-362; Bloch, Visionary Republic, p. 58-59.

126 Ray Allen Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860 (New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 3-21; Theodore Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 115.