51.Mezzanotte WS, Tangel DJ, White DP: Waking genioglossal electromyogram in sleep apnea patients versus normal controls (a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism). J Clin Invest 89:1571-1579, 1992.
52.Hendricks JC, Petrof BL, Panckeri K, et al: Compensatory hyperactivity of an upper airway dilator in bulldogs. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:185-194, 1993.
53.Sauerland EK, Harper RM: The human tongue during sleep: Electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle. Exp Neurol 51:160-170, 1976.
54.Wheatley JR, Mezzanote WS, Tangel DJ, et al: Influence of sleep on genioglossus muscle activation by negative pressure in normal men. Am Rev Respir Dis 148:597-605, 1993.
55.Onal E, Lopata M, O'Connor T: Pathogenesis of apneas in hypersomnia-sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:167-174, 1982.
56.Onal E, Lopata M: Periodic breathing and the pathogenesis of occlusive sleep apneas. Am Rev Respir Dis 126:676-680, 1982.
57.Cherniack NS: Sleep apnea and its causes. J Clin Invest 73:150-156, 1984.
58.Hudgel DW, Chapman KR, Faulks C, et al: Changes in inspiratory muscle electrical activity and upper airway resistance during periodic breathing induced by hypoxia during sleep. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:899-906, 1987.
59.Parisi RA, Neubauer JA, Frank MM, et al: Correlation between genioglossal and diaphragmatic responses to hypercapnia during sleep. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:378-382, 1987.
60.Hudgel DW, Harasick T: Fluctuations in timing of upper airway and chest wall inspiratory muscle activity in obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 69:443-450, 1990.
61.Taasan VC, Block AJ, Boysen PG, et al: Alcohol increases sleep apnea and oxygen desaturation in asymptomatic men. Am J Med 71:240-245, 1981.
62.Dolly FR, Block AJ: Effect of flurazepam on sleep-disordered breathing and nocturnal oxygen desaturation in asymptomatic subjects. Am J Med 73:239-243, 1982.
63.Issa FG, Sullivan CE: Alcohol, snoring and sleep apnea. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45:353-359, 1982.
64.Krol RC, Knuth SL, Bartlett D Jr: Selective reduction of genio-glossal muscle activity by alcohol in normal human subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 129:247-250, 1984.
65.Martin RJ, Pennock BE, Orr WC, et al: Respiratory mechanics and timing during sleep in occlusive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 48:432-437, 1980.
66.Vincken W, Guilleminault C, Silvestri L, et al: Inspiratory muscle activity as a trigger causing the airways to open in obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:372-377, 1987.
67.Yasuma F, Kozar LF, Kimoff RJ, et al: Interaction of chemical and mechanical respiratory stimuli in the arousal response to hypoxia in sleeping dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:1274-1277, 1991.
68.Bowes G, Townsend ER, Bromley SM, et al: Role of the carotid body and of afferent vagal stimuli in the arousal response to airway occlusion in sleeping dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis 123:644-647, 1981.
69.Sullivan CE, Issa FG, Berthon-Jones M, et al: Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. In Saunders NA, Sullivan CE (eds): Lung Biology in Health and Disease. Vol 21: Sleep and Breathing. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1984, pp 299-363.
70.Bowes G, Woolf GM, Sullivan CE, et al: Effect of sleep fragmentation on ventilatory and arousal responses of sleeping dogs to respiratory stimuli. Am Rev Respir Dis 122:899-908, 1980.
71.Guilleminault C, Rosekind M: The arousal threshold: Sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 17:341-349, 1981.
72.Flemons WW, Whitelaw WA: Clinical features of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In McNicholas WT, Phillipson EA (eds): Breathing Disorders in Sleep. London: WB Saunders, 2002, pp 64-85.
73.George CF, Nickerson PW, Hanly PJ, et al: Sleep apnoea patients have more automobile accidents. Lancet 2:447, 1987.
74.Findley L, Fabrizio M, Thommi G, et al: Severity of sleep apnea and automobile crashes. N Engl J Med 320:868-869, 1989.
75.Barbe F, Pericas J, Munoz A, et al: Automobile accidents in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158:18-22, 1998.
76.Teran-Santos J, Jiminez-Gomez A, Cordero-Guevara J: The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. N Engl J Med 340:847-851, 1999.
77.Telakivi T, Kajaste S, Partinen M, et al: Cognitive function in middle-aged snorers and controls: Role of excessive daytime somnolence and sleep related hypoxic events. Sleep 11:454-462, 1988.
78.Bedard MA, Montplaisir J, Richer F, et al: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Pathogenesis of neuropsychological deficits. Clin Exp Neuropsychol 13:950-964, 1991.
79.Naegele B, Thouvard V, Pepin JL, et al: Deficits of cognitive executive functions in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 18:43-52, 1995.
80.Lavie P: Pro: Sleep apnea causes cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:147-148, 2004.
81.Stradling J: Con: Sleep apnea does not cause cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:148-149, 2004.
82.Young T, Peppard P, Palta M, et al: Population-based study of sleep-disordered breathing as a risk factor for hypertension. Arch Intern Med 157:1746-1752, 1997.
83.Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK, et al: Association of sleep-disordered breathing, sleep apnea, and hypertension in a large community-based study. Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA 283:1829-1836, 2000.
84.Pepparad PE, Young T, Palta M, et al: Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342:1378-1384, 2000.
85.Kales A, Cadieux RJ, Shaw LC III, et al: Sleep apnoea in a hypertensive population. Lancet 2:1005-1008, 1984.
86.Fletcher ED, DeBehnke RD, Lovoi MS, et al: Undiagnosed sleep apnea in patients with essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 103:190-195, 1985.
87.Worsnop CJ, Naughton MT, Barter CE, et al: The prevalence of sleep apnea in hypertensives. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:111-115, 1998.
88.Logan AG, Perlikowski SM, Mente A, et al: High prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in drug resistant hypertension. J Hypertens 19:2271-2277, 2001.
89.Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al: Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: Cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:19-25, 2001.
90.Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E et al: Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 365:1046-1053, 2005
91.Hedner J, Ejnell H, Sellgren J, et al: Is high and fluctuating muscle nerve sympathetic activity in the sleep apnoea syndrome of pathogenetic importance for the development of hypertension? J Hypertens 6(Suppl 4):S529-S531, 1988.
92.Morgan BJ, Denahan T, Ebert TJ: Neurocirculatory consequences of negative intrathoracic pressure vs. asphyxia during voluntary apnea. J Appl Physiol 74:2969-2975, 1993.
93.Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, et al: Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 96:1897-1904, 1995.
94.Mateika JH, Mateika S, Slutsky AS, et al: The effect of snoring on mean arterial blood pressure during non-REM sleep. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:141-146, 1992.
95.Millman RP, Redline S, Carlisle CC, et al: Daytime hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea: Prevalence and contributing risk factors. Chest 99:861-866, 1991.
96.Fletcher EC, Miller J, Schaaf JW, et al: Urinary catecholamines before and after tracheostomy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. Sleep 10:35-44, 1987.
97.Carlson JT, Hedner J, Elam M, et al: Augmented resting sympathetic nerve activity in awake patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 103:1763-1768, 1993.
98.Narkiewicz K, van de Borne PJ, Cooley RL, et al: Sympathetic activity in obese subjects with and without obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 98:772-776, 1998.