The Qajar Pact' seeks to explore new perspectives on the 19th century Iranian state and society, and is the first broad study of lower social groups during the period 1834-1896. Vanessa Martin argues that Qajar government was certainly despotic, but was also founded on a consensus understood in deed rather than word, derived from consultation and bargaining. Looking at urban society, the author shows how all levels were involved, and focuses on the role of non-elite groups, whose networks organised the struggles with the authorities. The Islamic principles governing the relationship between state and society were derived ultimately from the concept of al-Mizan, the balance, which formed the basis for the consensus. As the discussion reaches the eve of the constitutional revolution, the changes of the 1890s reveal how the mass of contemporaries saw the revolution, and what they expected from it, and how the international economy shaped opinion. _x000D__x000D_Three case studies discuss the political participation of the people: Bushire, where they aided the elimination of intermediary powers, and collaborated with the state against the British; Shiraz, where the relentless struggle to control a turbulent population interacted with the relationship between state and tribes; and Isfahan, where state and populace had learned to manage each other up to the 1890s. Four thematic chapters cover firstly women in popular political demonstrations, linking them to the choreography of the passion plays; the role of the lutis, the unruly poor, in ensuring social justice in communal battles with the state; the lives of soldiers as an example of one of the poorest social groups, demonstrating the abiding weakness of the army, compared to the prospering cities; and finally the lot of slaves in an Islamic society, with reference to one particular case, Hajji Bashir Khan. The range of sources used includes many from Iranian archives. _x000D__x000D_'An interesting book that is the first to examine history from the bottom up for the Qajar period in Iranian history.'_x000D_- Rudi Matthee, University of Delaware_x000D__x000D_'A very good book'_x000D_- Nikki Keddie, Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles