Developing mathematical thinking is one of major aims of mathematics education. In mathematics education research, there are a number of researches which describe what it is and how we can observe in experimental research. However, teachers have difficulties to develope it in the classrooms. This book is the result of lesson studies over the past 50 years. It describes three perspectives of mathematical thinking: Mathematical Attitude (Minds set), Mathematical Methods in General and Mathematical Ideas with Content and explains how to develop them in the classroom with illuminating examples.Contents:Introductory Chapter: Problem Solving Approach to Develop Mathematical ThinkingMathematical Thinking: Theory of Teaching Mathematics to Develop Children Who Learn Mathematics for Themselves:Mathematical Thinking as the Aim of EducationThe Importance of Cultivating Mathematical ThinkingThe Mindset and Mathematical ThinkingMathematical MethodsMathematical IdeasMathematical AttitudeQuestioning to Enhance Mathematical ThinkingAppendix for the List of Questions for Mathematical ThinkingDeveloping Mathematical Thinking with Number Tables: How to Teach Mathematical Thinking from the Viewpoint of Assessment:Example 1: Sugoroku: Go Forward Ten Spaces If You Win, or One If You LoseExample 2: Arrangements of Numbers on the Number TableExample 3: Extension of Number ArrangementsExample 4: Number Arrangements: Sums of Two NumbersExample 5: When You Draw a Square on a Number Table, What Are the Sum of the Numbers at the Vertices, the Sum of the Numbers Along the Perimeter, and the Grand Total of All the Numbers?Example 6: Where Do Two Numbers Add up to 99?Example 7: The Arrangement of MultiplesExample 8: How to Find Common MultiplesExample 9: The Arrangement of Numbers on an Extended CalendarExample 10: Development of the Arrangement of Numbers in the Extended CalendarExample 11: Sums of Two Numbers in an Odd Number TableExample 12 When You Draw a Square on an Odd Number Table, What Are the Sum of the Numbers at the Vertices and the Grand Total of All the Numbers?Readership: Mathematics educators of teacher training colleges, mathematics teachers, prospective teachers (elementary and secondary school) and undergraduate students in mathematics.