This is the fourth set of Handbook of Porphyrin Science.Porphyrins, phthalocyanines and their numerous analogues and derivatives are materials of tremendous importance in chemistry, materials science, physics, biology and medicine. They are the red color in blood (heme) and the green in leaves (chlorophyll); they are also excellent ligands that can coordinate with almost every metal in the Periodic Table. Grounded in natural systems, porphyrins are incredibly versatile and can be modified in many ways; each new modification yields derivatives, demonstrating new chemistry, physics and biology, with a vast array of medicinal and technical applications.As porphyrins are currently employed as platforms for study of theoretical principles and applications in a wide variety of fields, the Handbook of Porphyrin Science represents a timely ongoing series dealing in detail with the synthesis, chemistry, physicochemical and medical properties and applications of polypyrrole macrocycles. Professors Karl Kadish, Kevin Smith and Roger Guilard are internationally recognized experts in the research field of porphyrins, each having his own separate area of expertise in the field. Between them, they have published over 1500 peer-reviewed papers and edited more than three dozen books on diverse topics of porphyrins and phthalocyanines. In assembling the new volumes of this unique handbook, they have selected and attracted the very best scientists in each sub-discipline as contributing authors.This handbook will prove to be a modern authoritative treatise on the subject as it is a collection of up-to-date works by world-renowned experts in the field. Complete with hundreds of figures, tables and structural formulas, and thousands of literature citations, all researchers and graduate students in this field will find the Handbook of Porphyrin Science an essential, major reference source for many years to come.Contents:Volume 16: Synthetic Developments (Part I):Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Synthesis, Characterization, Reactivity and Insights into Porphyrinoid AromaticitySynthesis and Properties of the Hybrid Phthalocyanine-Tetrabenzoporphyrin MacrocyclesVolume 17: Synthetic Developments (Part II):Syntheses of Bacteriochlorins and IsobacteriochlorinsThe Hemiporphyrazines and Related SystemsElectrochemistry of Pyrroles and Oligopyrroles: Analytic and Synthetic AspectsVolume 18: Applications and Materials:Ordered Surface Structures of Self-Assembled PorphyrinsPorphyrin- and Phthalocyanine-Based Solar CellsStructures and Properties of Non-Planar TetrapyrrolesPorphyrin-Based Nanocomposites for BiosensingElectrochemical Organic Electronics Based on Robust Thin-Films of PorphyrazinesBioconjugation of Phthalocyanine DerivativesTransition Metal Complexes of Porphyrins and PorphyrinoidsVolume 19: Biochemistry of Tetrapyrroles (Part II):Biochemistry of Methyl-CoM Reductase and Coenzyme F430Peroxidase and Heme Thiolate EnzymesBiosynthesis of Siroheme, Cofactor F430 and Heme d1Diversity of Heme Proteins in Sulfate Reducing BacteriaDioxygen-Generating Chlorite Dismutases and the E Protein SuperfamilySide Chain Modification During Heme BiosynthesisThe Cytochrome b561 Protein FamilyHeme Attachment to Cytochromes cVolume 20: Chlorophylls and Related Systems:Key Enzymes of Chlorophyll BiosynthesisSupramolecular Chlorophyll Assemblies for Artificial PhotosynthesisBacteriochlorophyll Biosynthesis and Assembly in Green Chlorophototrophic Bacteria: Theme and VariationsTetrapyrrole Biosynthesis in Plant SystemsChlorophyll Metabolism in Photosynthetic OrganismsReadership: Chemists, physicists, material scientists, polymer scientists, spectroscopists, electrochemists, electronics and photonics engineers, biochemists, biophysicists, medicinal chemists and clinicians.