Early modern Spain has long been viewed as having a culture obsessed with honor, where a man resorted to violence when his or his wifes honor was threatened, especially through sexual disgrace. This bookthe first to closely examine honor and interpersonal violence in the eraoverturns this idea, arguing that the way Spanish men and women actually behaved was very different from the behavior depicted in dueling manuals, law books, and honor plays of the period.Drawing on criminal and other records to assess the character of violence among non-elite Spaniards, historian Scott K. Taylor finds that appealing to honor was a rhetorical strategy, and that insults, gestures, and violence were all part of a varied repertoire that allowed both men and women to decide how to dispute issues of truth and reputation.