This book provides a new glimpse of the Reformation from the viewpoint of ordinary Catholics negotiating a treacherous course between salvation and damnation, sovereign and pope, and faith and social position. Employing an interdisciplinary methodology, this work opens a window onto the daily realities faced by ordinary believers and the clergy who attempted to provide realistic opportunities for Catholics to remain Catholic in Protestant England. Lisa McClain challenges traditional views that Catholicism in the Reformation period should resemble late-medieval Catholicism or post-Tridentine Catholicism, and asserts that new types of religious communities arose with alterations in English Catholics' beliefs, rituals and devotional practices.